Psilocybin and Body Changes :: Chemistry Chemical Drugs Papers

Psilocybin and Body ChangesPhysiological (Whole Body) Changes Psilocybin, the active psychotomimetic, hallucinogenic chemical found in the psilocybe genus of mushrooms, is absorbed through the mouth and stomach and is a monoamine-related substance (Levitt 1975, Grilly, 1998). This means that psilocybins biochemical effects atomic number 18 mediated by changes in the activity of serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine in the central nervous system (made up of the brain and the spinal cord) primarily by way of 5HT2a receptors (Grilly 1998, Hasler 2003). Monoamine-related drugs share a basic similarity in molecular structure with monoamine neurotransmitters serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine. Psilocybin produces bodily changes which are mostly sympathomimetic. This means that psilocybin mimics the effects of stimulating postganglionic adrenergic sympathetic nerves (online medical). The effects of this sympathetic nervous system arousal whitethorn consist of pupillary dil ation, emergences in blood pressure and heart rate, exaggeration of deep tendon reflexes, tremor, nausea, piloerection (hair erection), and increased body temperature (Grilly 1998). Psilocybin creates distinct psychological (hallucinogenic, entheogenic) changes in humans. Because of the mind-altering properties of the drug, much research on psilocybin is devoted to understanding its physiological effects on brain chemistry. A recent study well-tried prefrontal activation during a cognitive challenge and the neurometabolic effects of four different drugs on 113 regions of interest of the brain (Gouzoulis 1999). The four substances tested were psilocybin, d-methamphetamine (METH), methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDE), and a placebo in healthy volunteers. No strong differences of global cerebral metabolism were found in the four groups. Neurometabolic effects were found to include a significant increase of regional glucose activity in the right anterior cingulate o f the brain, the right frontal operculum, and an increase in activity of the right inferior temporal region. A significant decrease in metabolism was found in the right thalamus, the leave precentral region and a decrease in activity was found in the left thalamus. Overall there was a general hypermetabolism of the prefrontal region of the right hemisphere and hypometabolism in subcortical regions. During the cognitive challenge activation of the middle prefrontal cortex was eliminated and activation of Brocas area (right frontal operculum) was reduced. In a study conducted by A.M. Quetin, electrolyte levels, liver toxicity tests and blood sugar levels were shown to be

shirley jackson :: essays research papers

The Irony in "The Lottery" Shirley Jackson wrote the story "The Lottery." A lottery is typically thought of as something good because it usually involves growning something such as money or prizes. In this lottery it is not what they win but it is what is lost. Point of views, situations, and the title are all teetotal to the story "The Lottery." The point of view in "The Lottery" is ironic to the outcome. Jackson used triad person dramatic point of view when writing "The Lottery." The third person dramatic point of view allowed the author to keep the outcome of the story a surprise. The outcome is ironic because the readers are led to believe everything is fine because we do not really know what anyone is thinking. This point of view enables the ending to be ironic. The situations in "The Lottery" are ironic. The authors use of words keeps the reader thinking that there is nothing wrong and that everyone is fine. The story starts b y describing the day as "clear and prosperous"(309). The people of the town are happy and going on as if it is every former(a) day. The situation where Mrs. Hutchinson is jokingly state to Mrs. Delacroix "Clean forgot what day it was"(311) is ironic because something that is so awful cannot truly be forgotten. At the end of the story when Mrs. Hutchinson is chosen for the lottery, it is ironic that it does not upset her that she was chosen. She is upset because of the way she is chosen. She shows this by saying "It isnt fair, it isnt right" (316). The situation is extremely ironic to the story. The title of the story "The Lottery" is ironic. By reading the title of the story the reader may think that soulfulness is going to win something. In actuality when the reader gets to the end of the story, he finds just the opposite to be true. Jackson shows every day as if it is any other summer day. Jackson foreshadows the events to come by writing School was recently over for the summer . . . Bobby Martin had already stuffed his pockets full of stones, and the other boys soon followed his example, selecting the smoothest and roundest stones . . . eventually make a pile of stones in one corner of the square and guarded it against the raids of other boys.

College Binge Drinking: Not All Just Fun and Games Essay -- Essays Pap

College Binge Drinking Not All Just Fun and GamesFor those who go out and soak up in college, it is all about the wide-cut times, right? What everyone does not think about is the potential danger that drinking can cause, especially to the astonishing amount of college students who drink heavily on a regular basis. Alcohol abuse is the leading cause of death among teens and young adults, and according to many professionals, the high rate of binge-drinking and its effects on college students and the school or university is the top social issue on campuses. Despite all the attention given to this issue, especially in the past few years, no noticeable progression has been seen. Drinking has even been called a college pastime however, there is often a high price to pay for those who claim that they just want to have a good time, especially when it comes to the drinking that goes on at college campuses. Many first-time college goers need to realize that certain people have a higher tendency to drink heavily, and it is proven that there is high risk for both those who do participate in this dangerous activity and for their non-drinking peers.It is a proven fact that young adults atomic number 18 among the heaviest drinkers in the United States, and college students tend to drink more than their non-college attending peers. These statistics dont make all that much sense considering most people would word that they go to college to get ahead however, if you use college as an excuse to go out and get drunk all the time (which many seem to do), accordingly you might be worse off than those who do not go to college at all. Laura G. Hensley, a writer for the Journal of College Counseling, reports that Binge drinking also known as heavy episodic dr... ...k Groups. American Journal of Public Health 93.11 (Nov 2003) 1929-1934. Academic Search Premier EBSCO. Roesch Library, Dayton. 26 March 2004. .Weitzman, Elissa R. Social Developmental Overview of Heavy di vided or Binge Drinking Among U.S. College Students. Psychiatric Times 21.2 (Feb 2004) 57-60. Academic Search Premier EBSCO. Roesch Library, Dayton. 26 March 2004. .Williams, David, Adrian Thomas, Walter C. Buboltz Jr., and Maibel McKinney. Changing the Attitudes that Predict Underage Drinking in College Students A Program Evaluation. Journal of College Counseling 5.1 (Spring 2002) 39-49. Academic Search Premier EBSCO. Roesch Library, Dayton. 27 March 2004..

Creating a Virtual Reality Game :: Video Games

IntroductionWhen people think of play, many most likely revert back to their childhood and portray their innocent games of make-believe and pretend. According to Brian Sutton-Smith, author of The Ambiguity of Play, play glorifies freedom, originality, genius, the arts, and the innocent and uncorrupted character of the childhood vision (Sutton-Smith, vii). He claims that play is ambiguous, and bum rush with many different ideas and characters such as animals, children, adults, fate, power, identity, imagination, phantasmagoria, the self, frivolity, as well as many other outside factors (Sutton-Smith, v). However, Id like to focus on Sutton-Smiths definition above that relates play to glorifying freedom and innocence and play as an element of imagination and make believe because this is my most enjoyable construct of play. Inspiration The inspiration for my project is the movie, The Lord of the Rings Trilogy because it is my darling fantasy movie. When watching these movies, a pe rson can stupefy lost in the dark-skinned worlds, detailed characters and incredible adventures that create the magic of the film. This is the old technology I would like to stem from. Watching movies is in itself is an exciting and imaginative form of play. You get emotionally attached to the characters and are sad when the movie ends. But most of the time you are sitting in a theater or a room and just watching the film. I want to take this idea a step further. I want to allow people to step inside the movies they watch. So instead of being a passive receiver of the movie, I want a person to be able to interact with the film and its characters. To come upon this heightened sense of play, I have developed the Virtual neighborhood.Users/Settings/Social ElementsThe player must be over 18 years of age for equipment liability reasons and this attribute of game can appeal to all different types of people male/female, younger/older, lower/upper class etc. The Virtual Realm can be co mpared to places like virtual reality arcades and interactive shows like Medieval Times. The Virtual Realm can be a solitary experience or people may choose to interact as a group. They can enter into the same chamber (fits 3 people max, depending on size of chamber) or they can all enter different chambers and interact in the scene together by being different characters.The Making of the Virtual Realm The Virtual Realm is a new virtually reality based playground where a person can go if they wish to interact with their favorite movies.

Debts of Good Will and Interpersonal Justice :: Sociology Sociological Papers

Debts of Good Will and Interpersonal JusticeABSTRACT A debt of groovy go out (utang na loob in Filipino) is incurred when a person becomes the beneficiary of significant assistance or favor given by another. Usually, the beneficiary is in keen need of the assistance given or favor granted. This provides an opportunity for the giving of help to serve as a vehicle for the expression of sympathy or concern. The debt could then be appreciated as one of good will because, by catering to another persons pressing need, the benefactor is able to express dictatorial dispositions towards the beneficiary. It is not merely the receipt of the assistance or favor that puts the recipient in a position of indebtedness. The indebtedness is created by the benefactors kagandahang loob (good will). An act can be considered to convey kagandahang loob only if it is done out of kusang loob (roughly, free will) and can only be considered to have been done out of kusang loob if the agent (1) is not actin g down the stairs external compulsion, (2) is motivated by positive feelings (e.g. charity, love or sympathy) towards the beneficiary, and (3) is not motivated by the anticipation of reward. These conditions entail debt-of-good-will relationships where the benefactor has no right to bespeak reciprocity but the beneficiary has a self-imposed obligation to repay kagandahang loob with kagandahang loob. Debts of good will are about some forms of justice. But we should not centralize all talk about debts of good will to talk about justice. Debts of gratitude are, in general, incurred by people who receive help or favors from others. But to verbalise that a person has a debt of gratitude is not merely to say that he should be thankful for the assistance given. The indebtedness concerned is not confined to true benefits received. In recognizing a debt of gratitude, one also recognizes the good will manifested by the benefactor in providing assistance or granting a favor. For this reas on, this paper refers to debts of good will instead of debts of gratitude. The contention is that the former endpointinology focuses attention on important features of the concept that the words debt of gratitude fail to capture. Another reason for the use of the preferred term in this paper is that the equivalent of good will in the Filipino language kagandahang loob has an important significance in related ethical theory.

Debts of Good Will and Interpersonal Justice :: Sociology Sociological Papers

Debts of Good Will and Interpersonal JusticeABSTRACT A debt of skilful go out (utang na loob in Filipino) is incurred when a person becomes the benefactive role of signifi stoolt assistance or promote given by another. Usually, the beneficiary is in acute need of the assistance given or favor granted. This provides an opportunity for the giving of help to serve as a vehicle for the expression of sympathy or concern. The debt could then be appreciated as one of good will because, by catering to another persons pressing need, the benefactor is able to express positive dispositions towards the beneficiary. It is not merely the receipt of the assistance or favor that puts the recipient in a position of indebtedness. The indebtedness is created by the benefactors kagandahang loob (good will). An act can be considered to convey kagandahang loob only if it is done out of kusang loob (roughly, free will) and can only be considered to have been done out of kusang loob if the agent (1) is not acting under external compulsion, (2) is motivated by positive feelings (e.g. charity, love or sympathy) towards the beneficiary, and (3) is not motivated by the anticipation of reward. These conditions entail debt-of-good-will relationships where the benefactor has no right to demand reciprocity but the beneficiary has a self-imposed pact to repay kagandahang loob with kagandahang loob. Debts of good will are about some forms of justice. But we should not reduce all gabble about debts of good will to talk about justice. Debts of gratitude are, in general, incurred by people who receive help or favors from others. But to allege that a person has a debt of gratitude is not merely to say that he should be thankful for the assistance given. The indebtedness concerned is not confined to actual benefits received. In recognizing a debt of gratitude, one also recognizes the good will manifested by the benefactor in providing assistance or granting a favor. For this reason, this pap er refers to debts of good will instead of debts of gratitude. The contention is that the former terminology focuses attention on important features of the concept that the words debt of gratitude fail to capture. Another reason for the use of the preferred term in this paper is that the equivalent of good will in the Filipino language kagandahang loob has an important significance in related ethical theory.

Racism in Schools Essay

Some people curbm to think racism in schools died out a enormous time ago. This statement couldnt be more wrong. Racism in the learning environment is more evident than ever, and it claims to be stopped because it affects the counsel students learn and their success. There atomic number 18 many stories and incidents where discrimination has occurred and the effects they have had on students. Take the art teacher from Chicago for example.During class one day, few students spilled paint on the teachers jacket. She became very angry and said,? all Mexicans are criminals, and you were born to scrub floors The teacher was rightfully fired from her job. It was decided by the Board of Education in Chicago that all the teachers will need to undergo sensitivity training. They dont need to learn how to be sensitive, what teachers need to know is to accept everyone as equal. There can be no discrimination in schools because is disrupts the learning environment. There are many stories and accounts of racism in schools against African Americans.They range from the little things such as telling the black boy to throw out his gum but let the purity boy chew it, to moving all the black kids to the back of the class. There is one story about a white male teacher who called a black student nigger. The boy was walking into the English class one day, and the teacher told him to sit down nigga The teacher claims that because he hears the students handicraft each other that casually in the hallways all the time, it gives him a right to also use the word.He says he used the term nigga instead of nigger because they are two completely different words and he would never use nigger against someone. Consequently, the teacher was fired for racial discrimination. The racism that teachers vest onto their students causes low expectations from black kids. Because they have had so many negative experiences in school, they lack the motivation and confidence to do well. It was demon strate in a recapitulation of research about teacher expectations that teachers hold more negative attitudes about black students ability, language, behavior and potential, than they do of white students.There are reports of black students mark lower in reading assessments than white students. This could be the cause of black students not trying because they are not confident in themselves. It was also found that black kids receive more severe punishments than white kids for the same offense, and they are more likely to be suspended from schools. There are also accounts of minority parents feeling that they have had less positive experience while visiting their kids schools than white parents. There are reports from the minority parents about the discipline problems.Black students do not expect to succeed in the educational world because how can one enjoy it when their whole lives they have been identified as unworthy and incapable. Kids need to be taught about racism and how to avoid discrimination so they do not develop any bias thought about people as they grow up. Some schools are even trying to make racism and cultural diversity part of their curriculum. There is a lot of ignorance surrounding African Americans, Asians, and students of other nationalities and kids need to learn and accept all people.Introducing students to the different cultures that are out there can help them learn break-dance and perform better in school. They would not worry about students getting hurt and would all have the same opportunities. Students would not be concerned with disappointing teachers or receiving punishments that are not appropriate. There are countless accounts of racism occurring in schools all around the country and the world against students and also against teachers.Alison Moore, a black teacher in London, was attacked and knocked unconscious by three white students while leaving her school last year. There is always going to prejudice people present in sc hools, but there are ways to work around it to help benefit the education of the students. Racism deeply affects the way students learn and how they will see themselves for the rest of their lives. A students teacher is one of the most important adult figures in ones life, and if there are problems in that relationship then there will be problems forever, and no child needs that in their life.

Bill of Rights Essay

The Bill of Rights is the ten amendments of the linked States Constitution. They were first introduced by throng Madison in 1789. These amendments protect the entire rights of citizens by restricting the powers of the federal government. These rights provide license of speech, religion, sway fortification and freedom from search and cruel punishment. relative can in any case cannot impose the death penalty or seize the property of any individual without the due process of courts. The Bill of Rights remains the fundamental document of the American government and legal frame.It also embodies the freedom and culture of the nation. The First Amendment of the United States prevents Congress from making legislation that establishes any religion, prohibits freedom of religion, restricts freedom of speech and press or limits the right to assemble peacefully. The founding fathers did not want an official Church to be established in the new nation. The British had established the Churc h of England as the official church of Britain. This Church was also the official church in some of the colonies. The founding fathers believed that this limited their freedom of religion.They also believed that government should not favor any one religion because it would lead to apparitional intolerance. Indeed the primary function of migration to North America was to escape the religious and economic persecution present in Europe. Anti British publications disseminated information regarding aversions of the colonial rule. Further anyone with pro British sentiments was silenced or intimidated. The founding fathers therefore passed this amendment in order to ensure that tolerance of different ideas and expression were allowed (Hoffman, 1997).The Second Amendment of the United States Constitution allows the creation of a militia and the right of people to keep and bear arms. The creation of a militia was taken from England which had passed a law in 1689 giving the right to bear ar ms. The right to keep arms protected the American colonists from Indian attacks and European enemies of Britain. These arms would also be useful for the colonists when they declared their independence from Britain. The founding fathers also believed that the English law restricts the citizens of England to bear and keep arms to Protestants.Poor people cannot use weapons for hunting purposes. Further they also believed that a universal militia is the best defense against foreign aggression (Hoffman, 1997). The Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution helps protect the citizens from illegal searches and seizures conducted by political authority. The British used writs of assistance which were general search warrants after its navigation laws were being ignored by American colonists. The founding fathers did not want this type of illegal search and seizure to be conducted by the American government.This was the reason why the Fourth Amendment was passed (Hoffman, 1997). The trine Amendment prohibits the government from allowing soldiers to be lodged into the private homes of civilians. The founding fathers cherished to prevent the government from allowing this as the British had done before the American Revolution. According to the Quartering Act, British troops could lodge in private homes and use whatever resources were needed to maintain discipline and morale (Hoffman, 1997). The Eight Amendment prohibits cruel punishment and excessive fines.In England, the power to grant bails to criminals was in the hands of sheriffs. This would lead to abuses in power. Despite a law passed by the English parliament, the law was still subverted. The founding fathers desire to curb this English law after independence to prevent the government from imposing excessive fines and cruel punishment (Hoffman, 1997). The Fifth Amendment of the US Constitution allows accuse criminals to be provided with due process of law and forbids double jeopardy. It also prevents the forcible testimony of a person against himself or herself.The British colonial legal system was flawed as it did not give criminals the due process during legal proceedings. It did not protect the individuals from political or religious enemies. It was misused by anyone who wanted to settle scores with anyone. The founding fathers of the United States of America did not want this to occur. This Amendment therefore calls for the establishment of impartial grand juries which would protect criminals from false accusations or abuse of law. It also prevents the conviction of a person again if he has served prison for one crime.The Amendments of the US Bills of Rights which were incorporated into the US Constitution are the foundation of the spheres legal system, government and culture. They ensure the protection of the rights of individuals and restrict the ability of the Federal government to impose laws which would infringe on the civil liberties of the people. References Ronald Hoffm an. The Bill of Rights organization Proscribed. University Press of Virginia for the United States Capitol Historical Society, 1997.

AT&T Case study Essay

1. Review AT&Ts past financial policies and financing choices. Were these appropriate for the nature of the business?AT&T Corp., one of the largest companies in the United States, has had a long and storied history. Initially, AT&T operated as a monopoly, but in 1982, Justice Department, broke up the company into individual companies. Prior to divesture (in 1981), AT&T was the largest private company in the world and despite many challenges, AT&T remained an archetypical widow-and-orphans business line for a long time. The term widows and orphans was used to describe stocks with a relatively high degree of safety and dividend income and numbers from exhibit 1speak for themselves. By 1982 the company change magnitude all its key financial indicators.Revenues and operating earnings increased 12% and 6% respectively comparing to year 1981. In ten years, the company elevated its revenues, net income, cash and assets more than 2 times. Its worth to mention that AT&T was able to reduce its total outstanding debt by $ 725 cubic centimetre and at year-end, the companys debt ratio stood 42.3% down from 46.7% in 1980. In addition, AT&T neither cancel conduct nor lowered dividends, and only increased dividend per cope by 10% annually. Aforementioned facts suggest that companys financial policies and financing choices were appropriate for the nature of the business and that AT&T was one stable, steady-going and profitable companies in the world by 1982.2. In what fundamental ways will AT&Ts business change in the unspoilt future?Throughout most of the 20th century, AT&T held a monopoly on phone service in the United States. In 1982, through an organization between AT&T and the U.S. Department of Justice, AT&T agreed to divest itself of its local telephone operations but retain some of its businesses. The chief(prenominal) provision of the antitrust settlement was that the corporation would be split into seven completely independent regional corporations. Each regi onal company would continue to interpret local telephone and other telecommunication services in addition to ability to sell telephone equipment. The remaining or new AT&T would focus on long distance, R&D and manufacturing arms.3. In view of AT&Ts changing strategic and economic environment, what debt policy would you cheer? What other financial policies are appropriate for the new AT&T? What are likely to be the consequences of these financial policies?The new AT&T was no more monopoly and the companys management group faced new challenges. First of all, I think that when AT&T was monopoly, managers were averse to risk and led more financially conservative policy. After divestiture, it was clear that the external environment changed and effective actions needed to be taken to beat off intense competition. Moreover, thither were several serious questions about future profitability of the new AT&T divisions (especially Western Electric) and it was not clear whether they would be a ble finance their operations in competitive markets. Taking into consideration above stated facts, at that phase I would recommend to shift gears from debt financing and switch toward equity financing.In addition to the change in financial policy, I would also recommend considering a new acquisition strategy to reach more diversified portfolio and to poke out the companys scope in other areas.

Children with Disabilities and Their Shot at Education Essay

The widening gap between the rich and the execr commensurate attest to the saying that the rich is getting richer and the poor is getting poorer (Houck, 2006). The book Nickel and Dimed On (Not) Getting By in America which was written by Barbara Ehrenreich showed a vivid picture of how those occupying blue apprehensiveness jobs fail to make ends meet with a meager income. The irony here lies in the fact that these plurality occupy jobs whose services or products they cant correct buy. This phenomenon is described by the great philosopher Karl Marx as the Theory of Alienation (Pappenheim, 1959).A worker can no longer claim that the product he is making is truly his, hence, he is alienated from his products and cant even give way to buy it himself. Alienation is say to be a product of capitalism. Barbara Ehrenreich cerebrate in her book that even hotel maids cant afford a overnice place to stay in when in fact they toil to a greater extent than most middle class men do. Those w ho work at Wal-mart cant even buy half of what is being sold in the remembering that they are working for (Ehrenreich, 2006). Though they work even harder than those who are buying their products they earn only six to seven dollars an hour.Poverty therefore is non caused by laziness because those who are poor work tremendously harder as compared to rich various(prenominal)s who only sit behind the desk all day and wait for the paycheck (Anderson, . et. al. 2006). These people exhaust every possible way to make ends meet and that includes finding a second job just to pay the rent and cutting drink down on basic necessities. Even so, what they earn is not enough to cover for all the household expenses. If you take into consideration everyone in a community, only a small fraction of its population enjoys living a well-off life.A majority suffers from lack of resources or doesnt gravel enough food to acquire their stomachs. Imbalance in the distri furtherion of resources and wealt h affects majority of the citizens. The sad reality lies on whom are the ones getting much and who are the ones not getting anything at all. Majority of the people suffer from low wages while people like Ms. Ehrenreich would not even give a wink at dispensing 40 dollars for a pair of khaki pants (Ehrenreich, 2006). Forty dollars for a pair of pants for some would be too much when 15 dollars would do.The ones in the higher(prenominal) echelons of the society are the ones who are not doing actual hard labor. They capitalize from the hard work of the poor working class, literally giving their sweat, sweating their lungs step to the fore and blood just to make money. They work hard and gets paid less, barely enough to make a living out of it. Here is where we come to ask, wherefore do they settle for menial jobs? Is there a job shortage in our country? Apparently, there is none. Even foreigners find fulfilling jobs in our country so why cant our own citizens find one? That is because of skills and qualification.Most jobs that pay above minimum wage are those that assume a college degree or educational attainment. Not everyone has the opportunity to occupy in college therefore not everyone is qualified to get a high paying job. Even if they get to study college, more often than not they are not able to maximize the shooting in the school because of factors such(prenominal) as lack of sleep and decent meal. More so for children with disabilities and are from a poor family. There are other factors that affect a childs learning and comprehension in class and more often than not, these factors are often overlooked especially in a normal class ground.These children are categorized as lazy, mentally slow or hopeless. They suffer from discrimination and labeling which according to psychology, lead damage and weaken the childs perception and self-esteem. Barbara Ehrenreich, in her book, was able to somewhat establish sociological imagination which was coined by C. Wright Mills in 1959 in her analysis on the state of the people in the labor force. She was able to show why these people are often found by their supervisors slack and not so enthusiastic in their jobs.This is due to lack of sleep and fatigue caused by having two jobs, not having proper and complete meal, and lacking other necessities that makes a worker productive. She went beyond the conventional notion that they are inherently lazy and is not competitive. The sociological imagination links exiguity to larger picture, one that occurs in society as a whole and not just on the individual (Mills, 2000). If sociological imagination is to be applied in a classroom shot, a child with disabilities coming from a poor family not being able to keep up with the lessons ordain not be viewed as sheer laziness by the child or the parents.Rather, a broader picture will change the teachers to analyze the complexities of poverty that ultimately caused the child to exhibit slow performance in c lass or even cause the childs dis susceptibility. For one, an poverty-stricken family cant afford regular check ups and medicines upon conception of the child. This alone increases the risks of having complications during pregnancy. We cant blame the parents if they have no money in eagerness for the pregnancy because this family is caught up in the complex web of poverty.The parents might be working hard to give the child a fracture future but factors such as inflation, epidemic, wide scale cost-cutting of companies, national depression and other factors may have hindered them from preparing for the birth of the child. The rate of poverty for families with children below 18 long time of age is 27% (Jackson, 2000). Poverty for a child with disabilities can cause him his future. For one, parents fail to give these children proper medicines and other necessities for them to function normally.Consequently, these parents cant afford to enroll their child in a school for children with disabilities. As a result, they either become the laughing stock of the entire classroom or they pick up going to school. Either way, if they dont get proper education they too will be caught up in the vicious cycle of poverty (Zou, 2005). Inclusive Classrooms The philosophy of inclusion operates on the premise that a child with disabilities will learn more about society and will have better chances at his future when he is not segregated from society itself.Simply lay out, inclusion setting allows for children with disabilities to participate in a normal class and countenance him to participate like a normal student instead of discriminating him on the grounds of his disabilities (Salend, 2007). The classroom then becomes a pool of diverse students wherein children with disabilities learn to socialize with normal children and normal children will then learn to respect and not discriminate children with disabilities or those who have cultural background (Salend, 2007).This setti ng is said to be beneficial to both the normal and special children since they will be able to socialize and prepare for their encounter with diverse individuals in the future. Inclusive setting entails collaboration with the parents and is a tedious process. It is a participatory process wherein the children and the parents are part of the planning and not just mere receivers. They asses the needs of the students and adjust to it so that they will be able to address their individual needs.However such task requires much effort from the teachers, parents and the students (Salend, 2007). This is where most of the dilemma comes from. If the effort of the teachers in the comprehensive setting is the same as those in the special learning institution, they ought to be paid much higher than normal teachers. A participatory classroom setting really needs much effort and patience for it to work, however if the goal of the educator/teacher is to teach efficiently then effort should not be a n issue. As an educator it is their duty and pride to see their students learn.The success of inclusive learning is a case-to-case basis since the needs of the students are different. There are students who require stringent measures in a classroom setting because of health risks of aggressive behaviors. While inclusive setting is good for the social and emotional skills of a child, the safety device and health of the students should be taken into consideration. Conclusion Inclusive classrooms give a ray of hope for those who are financially challenged. It increases the chances of a physically challenged child to have a better shot at his future.Much like most of the children from poor families, the chances of these children in getting low-wage or below minimum wage jobs will also decrease. Once they acquire the skills needed for high paying jobs then the cycle of poverty in their own family will be broken. However such is just a small part of the poverty puzzle. The U. S. as an in dustrialized country, has one of the widest inequality gaps in the world in terms of income (Schifferes, 2003). Despite its ability to generate income, it remains a fact that even powerful corporations and few individuals still hold more than 60 percent of the economy.Capitalism as Marx would put it will always divide and widen the gap between those who do labor and those who sit and watch them work, thus, the rich and the poor. Poverty will never be resolved overnight or it may not be the concern of the government or the society, but it is the duty of the government or the state to condition equal distribution of wealth. They should protect the basic rights and interest of its people because the state is created by the people and for the people.The government must provide better programs with regards to education, in which it will cater the need of poor families. Education must be considered as a right not a privilege. It is indeed true that the chances of getting a good quality o f education for the poor is thin, however by maximizing the resources such as the ordinary classroom setting and transforming it to inclusive classroom setting, even poverty can be alleviated. It is through collaborative and participatory action that a society can achieve progress.

Cause and Effect of Movie Crash Essay

Crash, a film directed by capital of Minnesota Haggis in 2005, is a film that follows characters whose lives coil over the course of just a few hours. These characters all have different cultures, ethnicities and backgrounds, but are each(prenominal) in front of the identical issues of racial discrimination and stereotyping because of their differences. Making the impression that films are primarily concerned with the issues of e genuinelyday populate a highly accurate statement in regards to the movie Crash. well Crash provides a look into these issues of discrimination and stereotyping and shows how they affect every aces lives. Crash is the perfect resemblance of how we as a human race deal with life, people and our own experiences.Physical characteristics and racial differences may be interpreted as two distinguishing traits that separate us. I think its what keeps us away from each different. It also shows how everyones actions loafer cause a current effect on another pers ons life. Together we are all machine-accessible to one another by just crossing one anothers paths while been in possession of our lives. A persons views and beliefs can have an outcome on how one behaves towards other people. The opening scene is great in presenting the issue of racism right from the start.There has been a tear on a motorway and Detective Ria is soon arguing with an Asian lady. I Blake too fast? Im sorry, you no see my Blake lights? by chance you see over steering wheel, you Blake too. These harsh words set the film up for a story full of racism and discrimination. Paul Haggis uses this negative musical mode to prove the anger. What Haggis is showing is that when youre in your machine, you feel safe and oblivious to everything outside of your world because you are secluded in your own little space. Its only if you crash that you have to deal with the reality of whats happening outside your own life. This is much the same with racial discrimination. You can li ve in your own little bubble, but when you find yourself crashing into someone elses life, youll be forced to deal with your racial discrimination. stool Ryan is one of the characters from the movie Crash.John habit in the movie is a racial cop who always seems to show hate towards anyone he feels is a threat to him, mainly because him being a cop, he has the authority to do so over most people. He basically picks on anyone he feels is an irritation to him. In the movie his circumstances are very interesting, especially the way it effects different situations and other characters from the movie. incumbent Ryan in the first scene that he is in, it shows him speaking on a pay telecommunicate in a diner. He is arguing about his elderly father medical condition and need for more testing and medications. After a match minutes of speaking his conversation does not gets nowhere with the person on the phone, he ask them for their name. When she replies that her name was Shaniqua he sa ys thats what I thought. His start out at trying to use reverse psychology on Shaniqua is very poor to get her to see his dad, it does make sense.However, she sees right through that and sees that hes just being a racist prick. Then when he goes to the office in person it is the same women he had spoken with on the phone previously. He started off trying to be polite and civil. Regardless of his current behavior the woman cannot forget his being racist prick. All that officeholder Ryan cause was for Shaniqua to resolve in a negative way. officeholder Ryans request for further testing and a new Doctor for his spill father were rejected. Officer Ryan doesnt stop, and then tries to explain wherefore he is a racist to Shaniqua. He tells her of when the city of L.A passed a minority act John Ryans father loses his business, because almost all of his employees are working minorities. I think this adds or might even be one of the main reasons that causes John to become a racist indi vidual towards others. Causes him to blame the minorities for the closure of his fathers business, (after all if it wasnt for them being minorities his father would still have his business) influencing him to mistreat people of other races.Shaniqua calls the buildings pledge to remove Officer Ryan from the building. Officer Ryan is out on patrol and pulls over the vehicle of a black couple Cameron and Christine, because the vehicle sort of matched the description of the D.A.s stolen car. Because of his racist attitudes he proceeds to do an unnecessary body search just because he has the authority and disrespectfully molests Christine in front of her husband, and this act probably makes him feel like hes getting even, maybe even like hes getting revenge on minorities for ruining his sick dads business. Because it was their fault that the act was passed, but in reality John just seems to need someone to blame and African Americans are the easiest for him to criticize. For the reason that, Officer Ryans behavior towards Christine it has cause this couple to fight after getting home.Christine is angry that Cameron did not stop Officer Ryan from molesting her. This fight would never have happened if not for the why that Officer Ryan had treated them earlier. After that the discord and emotional distress that Christine was under. There is a serious car accident involving Christine upset and hurt and to a do loss to be driving, which in turn causes the accident. She is badly injured in a car that is turned over, and refuses her only help from whom other then John Ryan. She seems scared and frightened when he approaches the scene and tries to help. I think at this very moment Ryan must have a huge change of center field and redeems himself, because he actually really wants to help Christine instead of hurting her, a minority, someone John Ryan would usually mistreat and maybe even ignore at this point.The cause of him molesting Christine caused the mistrust betwee n them, but during the life threatening situation they were both in, he probably realize he had been wrong, as he potently convinces Christine he was not going to hurt her. He even rushed back in to save her after being pulled out without. Christine even with the car being totally in flames right before the car blows up, he was able to get her out on time. This accident and the initial reaction of Christine towards Officer Ryan when he is trying to help her get out of the remains, it is showing himself the reason why he became a cop. That it did not matter what a persons race was that they were still a person. However, that could possibly be the most important theme of Crash is how these racial stereotypes were able to be shattered. Or on the other side of the coin is how easy it is to fall and jump into judgement someone else by their race or even how they look or talk. In one of the last scenes of the movie Officer Hansen, shoots and kills the African American that was reaching i n his pocket for his Saint Christopher statute. To show him that he had the same as the one Officer Hansen had on his dash board.Officer Hansen, assuming it was a gun the youthful black man was reaching in his pocket for. He shot the young man and killed him. The young man just happened to be detective Grimms younger brother. Officer Hansen must have realized in that moment what his ex-partner officer Ryan had meant when he had spoken to him at the start of the shift. Those words spoken had been the truth more than he wished to have to acknowledge.Crash. Dir Paul Haggis 2005 Perf Matt Dillion and Don Cheadle, DEJ Productions, DVD Crash. Dir. Paul Haggis. Perf. Sandra Bullock. Movies Movie Trailers Reviews Rotten Tomatoes. Web. 11 Dec. 2011. .Koban, Craig J. Afilm Review Crash. CrAiGeRs Cinema Corner. Web. 11 Dec. 2011. .

Cyborg-Identity

The thesis statement of the paper is the ability of the human beings to change identities in a technology-dominated world has blurred the boundaries between original individualism and the digital identicalness. This topic is very important from the perspective of human computer interaction and computer science today. The existence atomic number 18 non wholly able to create multiple identities on the internet, but they are alike able to interact with other(a)s being in a transmutable individuation operator. This paper willing explain how these boundaries have been blurred and what joys of artifice put forward a person enjoy by dint of making multiple identities on the internet.With the introduction of social networking systems in the past few years, the bionic man identity is becoming more of a reality than a myth. The line between being the person himself and adopting another identity is getting blurred with the introduction of new technologies. Cyborg a Metaphor? With the combination of hardware, software system and internet, the cyborg identity give the gate be identified as one of the most visible figures of the cybernetic age. Cyborg is a biological being with another identity or a kinetic state that can be adopted easily when switching between environments.This could only be achieved by technological augmentation. Although the kinetic state of a cyborg identity is not real and can be referred to as practical(prenominal) reality, but it allows one to escape from the physical constraints and confinement of the body and recreate a new digital identity through the use of graphics, three-dimensional technology, internet, hardware and a combination of software. The use of these devices and concepts has not only allowed the humans to create their cyborg identities, but also to experience new worlds and environments through that identity.With the global adoption of the World Wide Web, the cyborg identity has evolved strategically in our imaginat ions as a metaphor of the twenty-first Century. According to Kevin Warwick, humans have now become cyborgs through conducting a series of ground breaking experiments and innovations. Kevin Warwick, who is a professor of robotics and cybernetics, believes that the humans have got the agent to change their identity in the virtual world where time and place does not matter (Stephen).Transforming into another identity can cost nothing to the humans. They salutary need to register on the virtual worlds on the internet, design their new identity and just start interacting with the environment. This ease of identity transformation could have never perceived in the past. However, cyborg can now never be used as a metaphor as cyborgs now exist (Nishant). The tranquility of Transforming It was never thought that humans could be identified as cyborgs and it was not even imagined that becoming a cyborg would be so easy and salve of cost.For a cyborg experience, a person just has to connect to the internet, register himself on the website, create an avatar and then the human is ready to experience a digital body and physique. Most of the websites do not even carry any payment to register the users while the others which are more secure require as little payment as US$ 5. To design the identity and the physical look of the cyborg in the virtual world, a number of software are available which are very easy to use. Transforming the identity is now a requirement for the business professionals as well as the youngsters who want to socialize in their social circle.A person is required to switch to his digital identity when making payments online and when getting involved in the digital transaction on the internet. Cyborg is now a mechanism that is crucial for the survival of urban human beings (Nishant). A person is not required to take classes or lessons for creating a digital identity in the 21st Century, nor are billions of dollars required to get transformed. Switching identity to and fro the digital world and the real world is much easier and cheaper than it was though in the past.Technological breakthroughs have allowed this ease of switching to the digital identity. The capabilities and the abilities that are learnt by the cyborg in one of the identities can be used in other identity efficiently and effectively in todays world. These aspects of the digital identity are blurring the boundaries between the self being and the different digital identities. Artifice through Graphics In social networking websites and virtual worlds, the use of virtual bodies and digital identities are getting more and more common.According to the academics at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the humans are just a year away from being able to download their consciousness into the computers (Land). The humans have the creator to design different bodies, constraint them and change them whenever they want through the use of graphic software. The digital appearanc e of the humans might not be the same as the real appearance. This is why a person is said to be creating a different identity through the use of internet. The new identity over the internet is an artificial identity which may not resemble the real identity of a person.The personal attributes such as the name, weight, skin color, hair color, eyes, nose and built might be differently represented over the internet. The Boundaries between Fact and Fiction The humans have the power to intermingle fact and fiction as they have got the power to generate new identities and transform to a form of machine. The interaction with other digital humans over the internet might just be found on lies and the identity may be based on fiction. Different cultures and the aspects of nature that do not even exist in reality can be designed in the virtual worlds.The boundaries between fact and fiction have also blurred with the advent of digital identities. Human and computer interaction has been increas ed at a rate that was never imagined. Instead of interacting with the real world, an urban person spends most of the time on computers and internet in the virtual worlds. With the boundaries between fact and fiction diminishing over the internet, the new generation might not even be aware of the real world as all the interactions are taking place in the virtual world.With redefinition of the sense of ones own body in a world changed by culture and technology, the humans are more likely to experience fiction than facts. The humans might like to live in the world of fantasy than in the real world. According to Nishant, this may make us the things that we have created (Nishant). An example is that a person who is gay might gratify his fantasies on the internet through creating a digital identity and interacting with other men. In real life the person might be very scared of the society and afraid of others to fulfill his fantasies (Dennis). DehumanizingWith the help of social networki ng websites such as Facebook. com Web 2. 0 applications like activeworlds. com and secondlife. com, the person is able to create a different identity which is unreal. These websites and application are forcing the humans to dehumanize and get involved in computer devices and software most of the time (Land). While the person is switched to the digital identity, he feels that he is nutriment in a cyborg dream. Everything is unreal and still feels real. Most of the interaction today in the youngsters is done on social community websites such as Facebook.com and myspace. com. Profiles are the identifiers of these humans which contain the physical attribute and pictorial attributes. These profiles can be unreal as well as there are no checks done to prevent unrealism. The attributes such as name, gender and age can be misrepresented on the internet to consumer unfair advantage over the other (Liff). The advances in technology and the movement towards cybernetic humans have forced us to ignore many issues that will be faced by the computer experts in the future. ConclusionIt has been revealed in the discussion that the ability of the human beings to change identities in a technology-dominated world has blurred the boundaries between original identity and the digital identity. A human is started is be identified through the digital identity and this identity now plays a crucial part in the life of a human. whole shebang Cited Dennis, C. Gay, Queer, and Cyborg the performance of identity in a transglobal age. Discourse Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education 22. 3 (2001) 297-309. Grey, J. Human-Computer Interaction in Life Drawing, a Fine Artists Perspective. Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Information Visualisation (IV02). The Computer Society, 2002. Land, C. Book Review How We Became Posthuman Virtual Bodies in Cybernetics, Literature, and Informatics. Information Technology & People 14. 1 (2001) 350. Liff, S. Book Review Virtual Ge nder Technology, Consumption and Identity. Information Technology & People 16. 4 (2003) 484-486. Nishant, S. Material cyborgs asseverate boundaries. European Journal of English Studies 12. 2 (2008) 211-225. Stephen, K. I, Cyborg. University of Illinois Press, 2004.

Falsafah Pendidikan

Integration of ICT in preparation pedagogical Issues Dr. Anjali Khirwadkar Center of ripe(p) Study in command Faculty of Education The M. S. University of Baroda India. Abstract The progress of any country depends upon the quality of bringing up offered and its performs. Indian pedagogics was well cognise for its Gurukul system of education in the Vedic age. Education in India has underg one various phases and stages of development starting in the Vedic age to the post-independent period.At all stages of development in that location was a concern for bringing in quality education reflecting on the possible aspects in education. The great Indian thinkers had emphasized on underhighly-developed the sexual potential of souls by reflecting on unique potential of individuals. Getting educated is solely dependent upon the individual instructors role to set conditions and chip in environments for learnedness.The recent curriculum frame spirt 2005 as proposed by NCERT (Natio nal Council of Educational look for and Training), India foc gives on the issues of Connecting companionship to life outside Shifting from rote nurture to constructing realizeledge Providing a wide effigy experiences for the overall development of a child Bringing flexibility in the examinations The recent developments in engineering constitute change overd the man gracious outside the classroom it is more eye-catching and interesting for a assimilator then the classroom setting. As a result, scholarly persons find classroom program lines as dull and devoid of life and do not interest them for learning.The cultivation engineering science has made learner WWW-afflicted. This is beca occasion technological developments rush brought developments in two shipway First, by enhancing human capabilities by supportering people to participate actively in social, 85 economic, and political life in a society at large. Second, by better-looking advantage to technological innovat ion as a means for human development due to economic progress and increase productivity. The forcefulness of training is such that almost all decisions made in contrary sectors equal science, technology, economics, and business development will be based on data that has been generated electronically.Information has become a key asset of the organization for its progress. Therefore, access to information is a key factor in the generation of wealth and there is a strong link amid a nations direct of development and its level of technological development. Educators and policy subscribe tors believe that information and communication technologies be of independent splendour to the future of education and, in turn, for the country at large. As ICT is becoming an integral element for educational reforms and innovations at junior-grade schools, this situation calls for an sweetening of pre- service of process education on ICT for prospective instructors.There is a maturation importance for ICT in spite of appearance the school curriculum. Not only it is utilized to support educational activity and learning within another(prenominal) curriculum subjects, but it is to a fault a subject in its own right as a separate discipline. The major mark is that developing skills, knowledge, and apprehension in the use of ICT prep bes pupils to use such technologies in their everyday lives. ICT tools enable pupils to access, sh are, analyze, and present information gained from a variety of sources and in many an(prenominal) different ways. The use of ICT provides opportunities for pupils to work both collaboratively and independently.As such, the role of ICT within the curriculum is not only to enhance the learning experiences of pupils but also to help them develop the skills internal to participate effectively in the world of affairs. It generates avenues for working in groups developing team spirit, cohesion, and social values. Here, a instructor plays a pivotal role in the process of teaching learning. Hence, knowledge of ICT and skills to use ICT in teaching/learning has gained enormous importance for todays teachers. Teachers are expected to know to successfully integrate ICT into his/her subject areas to make learning more meaningful.This knowledge development during pre-service training has gained much importance with the notion that exposure to ICT during this time is helpful in increasing student teachers willingness to integrate 86 technology with classroom teaching. This paper focuses on issues relating to ICT in education as a core grammatical constituent in pre-service teacher education and the different models to be pick out for its integrating. Review of studies conducted in the area of attitude, concern, and efficacy of teachers and development of figurer skills Pre-service teachers demand to plan to use computing devices in their classrooms.Vision is needed to motivate and direct their teaching and learning w ith the help of technology and utilise related instructional rules. There are various strategies used to make teachers understand and implement the integration of ICT in various curricula. They should serve as a basis for understanding information processing system operations and programming along with assisting pre- service teachers to learn reckoner concepts in developing a vision, value, and use of computers in learning. Many studies fill been conducted on teachers attitude and their use of ICT skills.It has been found that teachers attitudes play an definitive role in the teaching learning process. It has generally been found that pre-service teachers have demonstrated their ability for integrating technology into their teaching, but do not have clarity approximately how far technology tidy sum be beneficial for students. They will probably avoid teaching with technology once the requirement for the display lesson is over. Hence, a negative attitude virtually teaching with and near technology in a subject matter area could work against well-planned instruction in teacher proviso programs.While, on the other hand, those teacher candidates who believe in the potential and utility of technology in the classroom and continue facing many challenges become the models for student teachers to emulate. Many studies have been conducted with regard to the attitude of teachers towards use and interations of technology have revealed the importance of attitudes for learning to use technologies (Cox, Rhodes & Hall, 1988 Davidson & Ritchie, 1994 Hannaford, 1988 Kay, 1990).These findings were further supported by Bandalos & Benson, 1990 Dupagne & Krendl, 1992 Francis-Pelton & Pelton, 1996 Loyd & Gressard, 1984a Mowrer-Popiel, Pollard, & Pollard, 1994 king of Technology Assessment, 1995. ) Several studies have found that individuals attitudes toward computers may improve as a result of well-planned instruction (Kluever, Lam, 87 Hoffman, Green & Swearingen, 1994 Madsen & Sebastiani, 1987 Woodrow, 1992). Like other individual characteristics that are hypothesized o play a role in the continued growth of technology proficiency, attitudes and beliefs cant be easily taught and must be developed by an individual over a period of time. Another factor that is noted to have a profound effect on the student teachers learning technology and its integration is computer anxiety. Computer anxiety, as defined by Rohmer and Simonson (1981), is the mixture of fear, apprehension, and hope that people feel while homework to interact or while actually interacting with a computer (p. 151).Research has shown that there is often a negative relationship between the amount of prior reason experience and the level of computer anxiety saluteed by individuals. Reed and Overbought (1993) and Hackney (1994) found significantly reduced levels of computer anxiety following instruction whereas Chu and Spires (1991) observed a significant reduction in computer anxie ty for only the most anxious quartile of subjects. McKiernan et al. (1994) reported that some students experienced reduced levels of computer anxiety at the end of a computer training class while other students experienced continuing anxiety.The level of anxiety could be reduced with increased experience in using and working with computers and thereby succeeding in reaching goals. Over and above the attitude of teachers, self-efficacy is also an master(prenominal) aspect to consider. Researchers have indicated that although teachers may have positive attitudes toward technology (Duane & Kernel, 1992 Office of Technology Assessment, 1995), they may still not consider themselves qualified to teach with it or comfortable using it. If teachers are to integrate technology into their teaching, they must feel self-efficacious about using it (Decorum & Kingie, 1993 Remer et. l. , 1993 Office of Technology Assessment, 1995). Bandera (1986) defined perceived self-efficacy as peoples judgment s of their capabilities to organize and execute falls of serve unavoidable to attain externalizeated types of performances. It is concerned not with the skills one has but with the judgments of what one can do with whatever skills one possesses (p. 391). According to Bandura (1982), people acquire information about efficacy from four sources performance attainments, vicarious experiences of observing the performances of others, 88 erbal persuasion, and physiological states from which people partly judge their capability, strength, and vulnerability (p. 126). This information would help an individual assess his/her performance and then generate self-appraisals of his/her ability. When the concept of computer-efficacy is applied to the domain of learning to use computers in teaching, hands-on computer experience becomes an important component in effective instruction at the pre-service level. Research has shown a high correlation between efficacy judgments and subsequent performan ce (Bandura & Adams, 1977 Bandura, Adams & Beyer, 1977 Schunk, 1981).This particular link between self-efficacy and subsequent actions is significant in developing an idea for a teacher who continues to learn to teach with technology apart from instruction in teacher dressing (Ashton, 1985). Self-efficacy was originally conceived as having a high domain-specific component rather than one with high generalizability (Lennings, 1994), and this has led to recent research interest in the area of computer self-efficacy (Delcourt & Kinzie, 1993 Ertmer, Evenbeck, Cennamo, & Lehman, 1994). Computer self-efficacy represents the essential elements of self-efficacy as applied to the domain of computer learning.Several studies have found the positive effects of instruction on computer self-efficacy (Ertmer, Evenbeck, Cennamo & Lehman, 1994 Gist, Schwoerer & Rosen, 1989 Russon, Josefowitz & Edmonds, 1994 Torkzdeh & Koufteros, 1994). There is picayune doubt that todays prospective teachers will be expected to teach with technology in the classrooms of tomorrow. However, the resources available to teachers in terms of hardware, software, networking, and paid development vary greatly at the school level. Hence, it is imperative that teachers become directors of their own learning with regard to using information technologies in the classroom.Through learning to teach with technology, teacher proviso programs have a unique place at the beginning of this challenging process. The development of a pedagogically-based framework of constructs that are related to learning to use computers and an approach for its application program in teacher preparation shows promise for meeting these challenges as discussed above. 89 Another challenge for pre-service education is finding classrooms where pre-service teachers could observe teacher educators using technology providely and to understand where and how to include technology in their lessons.The computer has moved from an object to be studied to a teaching and learning tool for teachers and students. Hence, teacher preparation programs could no longer rely on an introductory course. We cant just bolt on the technology in teacher education curriculum we need to take proactive steps for its integration in teaching learning. Teacher education and technological competence should involve all aspects of the preparation of teachers, i. e. , introductory competencies, use of technology in methods classes, school placements, and student teaching.Pre-service teachers need to develop a vision from the very beginning of their careers for using computers in their classrooms. For this, student teachers must understand computer operations and programmingleading them to develop a vision of the value and use of computers in learning. Therefore, it is crucial that teacher preparation programs should develop the cognitive, social, and physical environments that will help teachers feel efficacious and in control of learning to t each with technology, a domain that is often overwhelming eventide for experienced teachers.Another challenge of preparing teachers to teach with technology is that as a result of knowledge generation, our knowledge about computer technology is constantly changing. In addendum to this factor, there are various other dimensions like attitude, motivation, computer anxiety, and computer self-efficacy which play an important role in developing skills and competencies among prospective teachers. Pedagogy is in the beginning associated with formal school education.There are significant differences between the two concepts of statement and webogogy, especially in terms of independence/dependence of the learners, resources for learning, motivation, and the role of the teacher. The context of learning is significant because learning is contextually and situationally specific. The teachers role in web-based teaching has already been identified as being very different from the teachers rol e in formal education, with terms like facilitator referring to the person who is on-line and interacting with students in various ways. It may be the same person who produces the course temporals.Also, the on- 90 line teacher will need to arrange a range of activities in which he or she will engage students, and a range of roles that he or she will fulfill. In web-based teaching, the teacher would be engaged in preparation and organization of instructional materials based on the same kind of assumptions about learners that are held by textbook authors. The Internet provides a wide range of scope for integrating varied learning experiences and making learning holistic. both of the resources developed by an individual teacher could be shared in a web forum for further refining the lesson plans.The various skills and competencies to be developed on the part of student teachers would be Surfing the Internet and locating useful information from the Internet for the development of les son plans. Developing lessons plans incorporating student use of technology in the learning process. Evaluating and selecting book software for a particular subject and per student needs. Generating printed documents like student assignments, newsletters, communication, etc. utilizing a variety of applications software like word processing and desktop heralding.Managing student data using data management tools for efficiently managing learning. Using technology to gather, organize, and report information about student performance like Excel and Access for database management. Developing tools to evaluate technology-based student projects including multi-media, word processing, database, spreadsheet, PowerPoint, desktop publishing, and Internet/telecommunications. 91 Using the Internet to support professional development including locating professional organizations, communicating with other teachers electronically, and participating in on-line professional development workshops n d seminars. Developing assignments and project work for students giving them broader and deeper knowledge in a field of study developing critical thinking and infusing creativity among students. Computer Education at The Secondary Level Recognizing the growing importance of ICT in the education area, policy makers in the school education sector have taken proper care to integrate computer education at the school level. The Curriculum select and Syllabus for Information Technology in Schools developed by NCERT, India, has the following objectives for the secondary school level 1.Selecting appropriate IT devices for a precondition task making his/her own informed choice of browser and search engines trouble-shooting for peripherals. 2. Identifying specific strengths and weaknesses of technology resources demonstrating legal and ethical behavior regarding the use of technology and information. 3. Communicating to a variety of audiences using IT tools using a variety of technology too ls for data collection and analysis using tools to present and publish information with interactive multi media features using tools to make models and simulations manipulating images. . Using on-line information resources for collaboration and communication collaborating with others to build content-related knowledge bases. 5. Developing strategies to find relevant and appropriate electronic information sources. 6. Investigating technology-based options for lifelong learning using productivity tools, communication tools and research skills. 92 IT competency standards at the end of Class X to be developed in students are Ability in and understanding of fundamental computer operations and concepts. Using a variety of programs to accomplish learning tasks.Exhibiting skills in the use of communication networks. Exhibiting skills in the selection and use of technology to gather, process, and analyze data and preparation of reports. The expectations from the school sector in terms of established student objectives and expected skills to be developed demonstrate the need to develop inevitable knowledge and skills among teachers with positive attitudes and the right inclination. Techno-Pedagogy a Skill The aim of teacher education is to develop skills and appropriate knowledge among teacher trainees for using and integrating the correct technology in an appropriate manner.Every teacher should know how to use technology, precept and subject area content effectively in their daily classroom teaching. It is clear that merely introducing technology to the educational process is not enough. One must ensure technological integration since technology by itself will not lead to change. Rather, it is the way in which teachers integrate technology that has the potential to bring change in the education process. Hence, attitude and self-efficacy towards technology play an important role.For teachers to become fluent in the usage of educational technology means going beyo nd mere competence with the latest tools to developing an understanding of the complex web of relationships among users, technologies, practices, and tools. Teachers must understand their role in technologically-oriented classrooms. Thus, knowledge about technology is important in itself, but not as a separate and unrelated body of knowledge divorced from the context of teachingit is not only about what technology can do, but perhaps what technology can do for them as teachers. 3 In techno-pedagogy, there are three areas of knowledge, namely content, pedagogy, and technology. sum (C) is the subject matter that is to be taught. Technology (T) encompasses modern technologies such as computer, Internet, digital video and commonplace technologies including overhead projectors, blackboards, and books. Pedagogy (P) describes the collected practices, processes, strategies, procedures, and methods of teaching and learning. It also includes knowledge about the aims of instruction, assessmen t, and student learning.Speaking truthfully, technology integration entails the understanding and negotiating of the relationships among the aforementioned three components. Good teaching is not simply adding technology to the existing teaching and content domain. Rather, the introduction of technology causes the representation of new concepts and requires developing sensitivity to the dynamic, transactional relationship between all three components suggested by the TPCK framework. (Koehler, M. J. and Mishap, P. 2005) Technological Content friendship C P Pedagogical Content Technological, Pedagogical knowledge (TPCK)T Technological Pedagogical Knowledge Depending upon the nature of content, scope of content, and level of students, appropriate technology integration must be sought. Technology as an aid enhances the process of learning and helps in achieving higher level objectives. 94 Approaches to ICT integration in Teacher Education Use of ICT within teacher training programs arou nd the world is being approached in a number of different ways with varying degrees of success. These approaches were subsequently described, fine-tune and merged into following approaches 1.ICT skills development approach Here importance is give to providing training in use of ICT in general. learner teachers are expected to be skilled users of ICT for their daily activities. Knowledge about various software, hardware and their use in educational process is provided. 2. ICT pedagogy approach Emphasis is on integrating ICT skills in a respective subject. Drawing on the principles of constructivism, pre-service teachers design lessons and activities that center on the use of ICT tools that will foster the attainment of learning outcomes.This approach is useful to the extent that the skills enhance ICT literacy skills and the underlying pedagogy allows students to further develop and maintain these skills in the context of designing classroombased resources. 3. Subject-specific app roach Here ICT is embedded into ones own subject area. By this method, teachers/subject experts are not only exposing students to new and innovative ways of learning but are providing them with a practical understanding of what learning and teaching with ICT looks and feels like.In this way, ICT is not an add on but an integral tool that is accessed by teachers and students across a wide range of the curricula. 4. Practice dictated approach Here emphasis is on providing exposure to the use of ICT in practical aspects of teacher training. Focus is on developing lessons and assignments. Using ICT and implementing it in their work experience at various levels provides students an opportunity to assess the facilities available at their school and effectively use their own skills. Thus, ICT in teacher training can take many forms. Teachers can be trained to learn how to use ICT tools.ICT can be used as a core or a complementary means to the teacher 95 training process (Collis & Jung, 20 03). The various ways in which ICT teacher training efforts could be classified into four categories are shown below in Figure 1. ICT AS PART OF CONTENT ICT AS A CORE COMPONENT IN TEACHER EDUCATION AND ITS APPLICATION ICT AS CORE CONTENT ICT AS FACILITATOR ICT AS CORE DELIVERY From the above suggested approaches, regarding ICT as a core component at the preservice level, integration of all approaches would help in developing proper attributes among prospective teachers.There should be joint efforts of educators and prospective teachers in implementing and sharpening ICT skills. Whatever approach is followed in educational institutions to develop knowledge about ICT, it has inherent limitations. Coupled with other reasons, we are not making student teachers fully confident in using ICT in their daily classroom activities. As reported by Larose F. in their study, the level of computer literacy of the teaching staff is satisfactory but there is little transfer of these competencies to teaching practices (Larose F. et al. 1999). Efforts are required on the part of teachers to make use of the available facilities for the best use in teaching /learning. ICT in Education Course Scenario at the Pre-Service Level The syllabi for ICT in education courses offered by some of the universities in India were analyzed in terms of the objective of the course, weight given to theory and practice, and other syllabus components. The Curriculum Guide and Syllabus for Information Technology in Schools developed by NCERT, India, has the following expectations 96 bout basic competencies of teachers to achieve the objectives of ICT education at the secondary level Understanding the role of technology in change and the implications of technology-mediated changes for education. Creating interest in learning among students through unique utilities like animation, simulation, the Internet, etc. Demonstrating a sound understanding of basic IT concepts and operations. Planning an d designing effective learning environments with necessary technology support. Making the best use of technology-enhanced lessons to enrich student learning.Adopting assessment strategies to evaluate (a) student competencies in IT skills and (b) student learning in the new environment. Using technology to enhance our own creativity and professional practices. Demonstrating understanding of social, ethical, legal, and human issues surrounding the use of technology in schools. Fashioning a climate of values that encourage questioning, exploration, problemsolving, decision-making, and group co-operation. Striving for education to emerge from its disciplinary narrowness. Identifying useful learning material from various sources.The teacher has to take an active part in developing his own checklist for evaluation of learning materials and use it in the context of (a) the learner profile, (b) the learning environment, and (c) the technical strength of the computer laboratory of the school . Moreover, the tasks of the teacher are 1. Design ones own checklist. 2. Review software to be procured or on the World Wide Web 3. Report his/her assessment of courseware to the principal so a purchase decision can be made. 97 ICT is introduced in secondary teacher training courses at various levels as a compulsory subject or a special field subject.Sometimes, it is also introduced as one of the subjects to be studied under a course titled Educational Technology. Various objectives/rationales for introducing the course are as follows 1. Understanding the scope and importance of ICT in contemporary society. 2. Developing effective perspectives and attitude towards emerging technologies. 3. Developing skills in handling, maintaining and protecting different types of hardware and equipment in the institutions of learning. 4. Acquiring a theory-based basis of ICT and to develop an awareness about recent developments in the area of ICT. 5. Acquiring adequate knowledge bout the fundame ntals of computers and operating systems. 6. Acquiring the necessary skills of handling software packages for the purpose of education in the institutions of learning. 7. Acquiring knowledge about new Internet technologies and their place in the field of education. Regarding the weight given to the subject, different approaches are followed. Overall the weight given to theory and practice is 60/40 (60% for theory and 40% for practice). Broadly the content areas regarding theory/practice include a. Introduction to Computers b. Introduction to Operating Systems c. Application of Computers in Teaching d.Functions of Computers Knowledge of M. S. Office and other related packages and Computer languages e. Application of computers in Education f. New Trends and Techniques in Computer education (EDUSAT etc. ) g. Knowledge of Internet, World Wide Web, etc. 98 In the majority of teacher education institutions, the syllabi exhibit less weight to practical than theoretical aspects. Since the nature of ICT subjects is more practical and application-oriented, there needs to be more practical than theoretical input. This aspect seems to be neglected in designing and framing curricular objectives.The present approach for ICT integration is dismal as an add on approach for ICT course is adopted ICT basics are taught to teacher trainers focusing on technical issues, but little emphasis is given to the pedagogical aspects Educational technology courses are taught in a rather traditional way and show little evidence of using new technology to support instructional innovations Students dont know how to use new technology in their classroom instruction when they go to schools Technology input is not integrated in the curriculum courses, especially method courses.These are certain basic problems associated with the integration aspects of technology. These are major hurdles in the integration of ICT in the teaching/learning process. This scenario shows that the objectives of intro ducing ICT at the pre-service level are developing technological know-how and awareness regarding various other technologies and software packages. Further, the time spent for practical sessions is less, as more time is spent for theory sessions. The make out approach of introducing ICT at the pre-service level is not very serious.It is very clear that student teachers will not get much scope in gear up to integrate ICT in curriculum or the teaching/learning process. In teacher training programs at the secondary level, the ICT education scenario is struggling with the following problems barely at the awareness development level are objectives being achieved, but higher order thinking skills regarding the use of ICT tend not to be occurring. Technology, pedagogy and content area integration is a rare feature. components are dealt with separately which creates confusion for students. All 99 There is a serious discrepancy among syllabi of teacher training institutions and secondar y schools. Syllabi at various institutions are not on a par with school level curriculum. Time duration of the courses related to ICT education is too short to develop knowledge and necessary skills among students to achieve higher order thinking skills. There is a lack of availability of proper infrastructural facilities at most of the institutions. There is a mismatch between available hardware and software to develop required learning resources. Support from technical taff for maintenance is dismal. The objective at the pre-service level is not to prepare technocrats, but to develop technopedagogues. Teachers should be in a position to integrate technology into teaching / learning as well as develop the art and skill of webogogy (i. e. , to make use of Internet technology, exploring it, accessing information from it to use in teaching learning, etc. ). So, objectives must be set at the attainment of application and skill levels rather than just at the knowledge and understand ing levels. The professional development of teachers needs to be given importance.There must be congruence between the school curriculum and teacher training curriculum at the secondary level. Otherwise, teachers are not ready to practice their knowledge to effectively design teaching/learning processes, project work, and assignments. In addition to offering ICT as a compulsory and special course, integrated approaches need to be studied along with methods courses. This will help student teachers to develop the concept of techno pedagogy to a greater extent. Thus, management of change in teacher education is a complex and demanding task involving comprehension, concern, caution, and contemplation.Planners and administrators of teacher education have to provide academic leadership to prepare reflective teachers who can manage the educational system efficiently at various stages of education at the pre-primary, primary, elementary, secondary, and higher secondary levels. Effective ch ange in schools is possible only when there are corresponding changes in the management of teacher education programs. 100 References Ashton, P. (1985). Motivation and the teachers sense of efficacy. In C. Ames, & R. Ames (Eds. ), Research on motivation in education, 2 ,141-171.Orlando, FL academic Press Inc. Bandalos, D. and Benson, J. (1990). Testing the factor structure invariance of a computer attitude scale over two grouping conditions, Educational Psychology Measurement, 50,49-60. Bandura, A. (1982). Self-efficacy mechanisms in human agency. 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Analysis of the story “Shakespeare in the bush” Essay

In the story Shakespeare in the Bush, compose Laura Bohannan has an competition with a friend ab give away the rendering of Shakespeares literature. Her friend stated that Shakespeare was a very English poet and that people of other cultures could certainly misunderstand his literal meanings. The causation whence argues that the secret plans and motivations of Shakespeares tragic plays go forth always be apparent because human nature is more or less planetary through and through out the world. She does however output into account that the customs and translation of his works could produce slight differences in their interpretations. The argument remained a s chroniclemate as she was preparing to travel to Africa. Her friend gave her a copy of Hamlet as a parting gift with hopes that perhaps she would find the true interpretation. On her trip to Africa the author finds out that custom, translations, and culture play a larger role in the interpretation of Shakespeare and that his meanings were not as universal as she previously thought.During her stay with the Tiv in Africa, Bohannan gets a chance to relay the story of Hamlet to the tribe. She began the tale with the appearance of Hamlets fathers wraith. Right away the older questioned this. The concept of someone having a ghost or living after they die was very foreign to them. They were convinced that the author had gotten the story hurt because the only explanation for a spirit could be that it was an forecast move by a witch. Horatio was in addition viewed as a fool for not bringing such an important matter before a person with proper get byledge of such omens. The Tivs perspective was that hamlet this matter should have neer been brought to Hamlets attention. It is obvious that their customs and traditions were already biasing their interpretation of the story. If Hamlet were not informed of this omen he would have never sought revenge for the death of his father, thus changing the plot dram atically. some other major complication with the story the Tiv had, was Hamlets uncles succession to the throne. In Tiv society it is only inborn for the brother of the chief to become chief in the event of his brothers death. The Tiv also commended the speed with which Hamlets mother remarried after the death of her husband. A wife of one of the elders overheard this part of the story and explained that a cursorily remarriage is ideal. She stated thatwithout a husband the farm would not be cultivated, therefore a quick remarriage was inwrought so that lack of food would not occur. It was obvious to the Tiv woman that the mother had done this in the beat interests of the family so Hamlet had no reason to feel negatively about it.The author tried in vain to explain why these things would make Hamlet miserable. Fear of famine was not on the genius of Hamlets mother for she was powerful enough not to rely on her husband for food. western society would view this remarriage as a fo rm of incest and would not be socially acceptable. Also a mourning period would be expected before a widow could be remarried and this was not done. In the elders minds these were normal events and which should not motivate anyone to be depressed. This proves that the authors argument of motivation of the greater tragedies being clear over is flawed.The Tiv elders had many explanations for the behavior of Hamlet, which held the authors interest. They all agreed that Hamlet was being bewitched and this was the cause of his strange behavior. They sensitive that only a male member of ones family had the power to bewitch people therefore it was clearly force Claudius who was behind this. The Tiv also had an explanation for he supernatural events that occurred. They believed the presence of his fathers ghost was understandably an omen sent by a witch to Hamlet to tell him the truth of his fathers death slice trying not to offend the current index. Although these answers were not the same the author viewed she found them fascinating and she modeled the remaining parts of the story around them. Bohannon was learning that the Tiv culture and belief systems did not allow the plot line to progress in the same way as Shakespeare wrote it.After hearing of the death of Ophelia from the author, the Tiv elder handleed to know whom her male relatives were in order to find who was responsible. Upon hearing that Laertes, Ophelias only living male relative, had evanesceed from France the elder was bold enough to offer his prediction for the end of the story. He proceeded to tell how Laertes was scheming to get currency to pay off his debts. agree to the elder, Laertes had bewitched his sister in order to sell her body to the witches. The rootage protested to this by saying that the body was in fact buried and Laertes had jumped into thegrave and was followed by Hamlet.The elder then concluded that Hamlet had jumped in after him to prevent Laertes from snatching the bo dy. He continued to say that the son of a chief would not want to see another man to become rich and powerful. He utter Laertes would be angry with this and try to kill Hamlet. Bohannan had to agree with this although it may not have been exact Laertes did wish to kill Hamlet. Perhaps the elders abstract interpretations of the story had led him to universal conclusion after all. In his own eyes, the elder understood the meaning of the story correctly even though his thoughts did not match with the authors.After the stories conclusion the elder added his thoughts about the tales finish. The poison beer that killed Hamlets mother was obviously meant for the winner of the fight. According to him if Laertes won the duel, the great chief would have given him the poison. This way no one would no that the king arranged Hamlets death. In addition the elder claimed that the chief would have done this also for fear of Laertes witchcraft. person who kills his own sister with witchcraft is po tentially very dangerous. Very pleased that he had correctly interpreted the story, the elder told Bohannan that she should tell them more stories from her country. The elders would then instruct her about the true meaning of the stories so that she could return home unlighted by their wisdom. The Tiv felt that the author was the oneReexamining the argument, which fueled this story, it is clear to see that the authors friend was correct. The difference in culture had a large impact on the interpretation of Hamlet. The argument Laura Bohannan presents is flawed. Even though the Tiv elder was able to loosely predict the outcome of the story, Bohannan failed to prove that the plot and motives of Shakespeares great tragedies were universal. The Tiv had very different rationalizations for the plot progression and the character motives. The author did not take seriously enough the enormous impact the Tivs different customs and traditions would have on their analysis of Hamlet. through and through out this story you can see that human nature does plays no part in the Tivs interpretations of Hamlet. The author learns that culture is the main reason for these differences of opinion. Taking into account the cultural differences of the author, her friend, and the Tiv it seems clear why theywould interpret Shakespeare in very different ways.